A lone gunboat on a peaceful mission nearly plunged the United States into a shooting war with Mexico BY GARY ROBBINS
Within months, she visited the islands of Madeira and Bermuda and had dropped anchor at exotic ports in Japan, Korea, China, Ceylon, India, Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Spain, and England, before arriving at New York City in September 1889 to complete her round-theworld cruise.Built by John Roach & Sons of Chester, Pennsylvania, USS Dolphin (PG-24) was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the dolphin. She was launched on 12 April 1884, with Capt. R. W. Meade in command. Armed with two rapid-fire breechloading 4-in guns, plus five threepounders, Dolphin became the second Navy ship selected to serve as a Presidential Yacht. With length of 250-ft and a speed of 16-kts, she was officially rated as a gunboat/dispatch vessel capable of executing a multitude of specific Naval chores that existed in the preMorse Code era. Rated at 1500-tons, and with a crew of 150 men and eleven officers, she first commissioned on 8 December 1885, ready to undertake any assignment the Navy might assign her.THE SCANDALOUS TAMPICO AFFAIROut of commission from 1 May 1891 until 14 March 1892, Dolphin then resumed her cruising along the Atlantic coast, often hosting the Secretary of the Navy. On 3 December 1895, she was assigned to the Special Service Squadron and made a surveying expedition to Guatemala in January/February 1896. By then, she had carried President William McKinley and his party to New York for the ceremonies at Grant's Tomb on 23 April 1897. Following that assignment, Dolphin was again placed out of commission at New York in late November 1897."WALK SOFTILY AND CARRYABIGSTICK!": PRE-WORLD WAR ONEThe commander of American forces in the area, R/Adm. Henry T. Mayo, demanded a formal apology from Huerta's government. The commander in the Tampico area complied with this and gave a written apology; however, he did not follow the demands that Mexico raise the United States flag on its soil and provide a 21-gun salute. With that, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for permission for an armed invasion of the area. Although this request was granted two-days later, the United States occupation of Veracruz had already begun.THE INCIDENTFrom 1899 until the outbreak of WWI in Europe, Dolphin served as a special dispatch ship for the SecNav and often earned the President of the United States and other important officials and diplomats in tastefully opulent style. She visited Washington Navy Yard for the Peace Jubilee in June; New York City for the Dewey celebration in September; and Alexandria, Virginia, for the city's sesquicentennial on 10 October. From late 1899 to early February 1900, she cruised to Venezuela to survey the mouth of the Orinoco River. She departed Washington, DC in mid-January 1902 to next survey the coast of Santo Domingo, then carried the Chief of the Bureau of Equipment from Havana for a tour of inspection of the coaling stations in the West Indies, returning to Washington in early May.ACTION IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WARThe Tampico Affair started off as a minor incident involving US sailors and Mexican land forces loyal to Gen. Victoriano Huerta during the guerra de las facciones phase of the Mexican Revolution. The misunderstanding occurred on 9 April 1914, but would fully transpire into the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and the occupation of the port city of Veracruz for over six-months.Just as in the recent confrontation between North and South Korea over the accidentale?) sinking of a South Korean gunboat, small warships still have the ability to trigger incidents which threaten to flare into major international crises. The unique status of a warship imbued with special powers of sovereignty is nothing new and, as America learned shortly before the outbreak of World War I, the smallest vessels can trigger * international reaction out of all proportion to the scope of the supposed affront. Take for instance the gunboat Dolphin incident in Tampico Harbor in 1914.As Tampico was laid siege by Constitutionalist forces, relations between US forces and Huerta's federal garrison remained amicable. The American Naval force, limited to a single modest gunboat, the USS Dolphin, due to the navigational constraints of the shallow harbor entrance, presented a 21-gun salute to the Mexican flag three times on 2 April 1914 to pay tribute to the celebrated occupation of Puebla in 1867 by Mexican Gen. Porfirio D�az in the last phases of the French intervention in Mexico.PRESIDENT WILSON INFURIATEDFrom 1903 to 1905 she carried dignitaries like the, Secretary of the Navy, war hero Admiral and Mrs. George Dewey, the Philippine Commissioners, the Attorney General, Prince Louis of Battenberg and his party, and President Theodore Roosevelt on various VIP cruises. Early in August 1905, she carried the Japanese peace plenipotentiaries from Oyster Bay, New York, to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to negotiate the settlement of the Russo-Japanese War. She continued on primarily ceremonial duty, participating in the interment of John Paul Jones at the United States Naval Academy, and the departure ceremonies for the Great White Fleet until 22 October 1908, when she became flagship of the Third Squadron, Atlantic Fleet.AROUND THE WORLD ON A GUNBOAT: PRE-SPANISHAMERICAN WAR SERVICEIn midst of the Mexican Revolution, de facto head of state Victoriano Huerta struggled to hold his power and territory intact from the challenges of Emiliano Zapata in the south and the fast advance of the opposition Constitutionalists of Venustiano Carranza in the north. By 26 March 1914, Carranza's forces were 10-mi from the prosperous oil town of Tampico, Tamaulipas. There was a considerable concentration of US citizens in the area due to the immense investment of American firms in the local oil industry. Several American warships commanded by R/Adm. Henry T. Mayo settled in the area with the responsibility of protecting American citizens and property.A true "Son of a Gun" built for the new steel Navy, the first of her class to be completed, Dolphin was assigned to the North Atlantic Station, cruising along the eastern seaboard until early 1886 when she was ordered to sail around the tip of South America for duty with the Pacific Squadron.In the spring of 1914, as the tensions that would lead to WWI mounted, the Third Squadron - with Dolphin as flagship - sailed into Tampico Bay to protect American lives and property The US Navy frequently used boats to deliver messages and ferry fleeing civilians, depleting fuel supplies. The commander of the USS Dolphin arranged for a pickup of oil from a warehouse on 9 April near a tense defensive position at Iturbide Bridge. The defenders of the bridge anticipated an attack based on the two consecutive days of skirmishes that had immediately preceded. Nine US sailors and a squad of US Marines in a whaleboat flying the US flag were dispatched to the warehouse along a canal. Based on the sailors' account, seven of them moved the cans of fuel to the boat while two remained on the vessel. Mexican federal soldiers were alerted to the activity and confronted the American sailors. Though it wasn't proven, the Mexicans claimed the Marines were drunk and unruly and had insulted several Mexican women. These charges were vehemently denied since all of the American troops had been urged to avoid upsetting the locals who looked with disdain on the American presence. Furthermore, neither side was able to speak the other's language, which left the sailors immobile in the face of commands from the soldiers. The Mexicans raised rifles against the Americans, including the sailors and Marines still on the boat, and ushered the group to the nearby Mexican regimental headquarters.
The commander of American forces in the area, R/Adm. Henry T. Mayo, demanded a formal apology from Huerta's government. The commander in the Tampico area complied with this and gave a written apology; however, he did not follow the demands that Mexico raise the United States flag on its soil and provide a 21-gun salute. With that, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for permission for an armed invasion of the area. Although this request was granted two-days later, the United States occupation of Veracruz had already begun.